Invisible Military Aircraft - "Invisibility cloaks" and other future advances in military camouflage could violate the Geneva Conventions, a top military lawyer has warned.
The development of technology already used in pressure bombs could violate compliance with international laws governing armed conflicts if the equipment is used or hides the weapons of soldiers, according to Bill Boothby, who was former airline and RAF deputy director of lawyers.
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Scientists and military contractors are spending tens of millions of pounds researching techniques to achieve better invisibility through more sophisticated "metamaterials" - materials designed to absorb or bend light and/or radar waves. to hide aircraft or soldiers that are close by.
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The US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (Darpa) which is one of the main funders of metamaterial research, has shown competitive comparisons to the wearable. of Harry Potter. Last year, the US military announced plans to test prototype metamaterial uniforms.
Such chameleon-like behavior is nothing new. The first fighter jet entered the US Air Force in the 1980s and participated in attacks over Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq. Their narrow profile, radar-distracting paint and camouflage are intended to make them virtually invisible to enemy radar.
In Weapons and the Armed Conflict, a comprehensive study of defense technology, published this month by Oxford University Press, Boothby emphasizes the problems that technological success can present.
"The patented 'Adaptive' technology [developed by BAE Systems in Sweden] uses cameras on the target, such as an armored vehicle, to capture infrared readings of the surrounding terrain," he said. said.
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"The same thermal signature of the background design is based on an array of hexagonal 'pixels' that are superimposed on the target. then quickly change the temperature to match their environment.
"As a result, something can disappear in the background for an observer using an infrared device; it can also be used to simulate the infrared reading of another car, so that a tank looks like a special car, for example.
Under Article 37 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, tactics such as deception, fraud, pretense and misrepresentation are permitted.
"The traditional camouflage," suggests Boothby, "the purpose, for example, is to blend the enemy behind the law, and the bending light can be seen only as a digital way to achieve have this result".
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But if the sign is used to pretend it's not combat to mislead the enemy and cause death, Boothby said, it could be banned under the council's "prohibition of deception" clause. Geneva.
Similarly, secrecy including the misuse of enemy, UN, protected or neutral symbols, flags and symbols is prohibited. It is said that wearing an invisibility uniform can further violate a person's responsibility to have a fixed, visible distance and carry weapons openly.
"A fighter whose weapons are not visible in his armor probably does not meet the minimum requirements [to openly carry a weapon]," he said.
Boothby headed the government department responsible for ensuring that new weapons purchases complied with British international law.
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He also said that the ban on the use of chemical weapons under the Chemical Weapons Convention prevents the development of inert gases that can be safely used in counter-terrorist operations. such as the 2002 Moscow theater siege.
"Many states are doing research in this area, either using technology or developing problems," he said.
"The British Government's position is to prohibit the development, production, possession, acquisition or use of chemical weapons for military purposes."
Regarding the development of autonomous weapons that can identify and attack targets without human intervention, beyond the capabilities of the current generation of drones, Boothby believes that these "killer robots " which "cannot raise international arms law concerns".
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Human Rights Watch and others have called for a ban on autonomous weapons, but Boothby believes that as long as there is a person who can see the decisions made by the machines and disable them if they do not know the difference between the public and the military, they must remain legal. .
Such practices should be allowed if the supervisor's workload is heavy enough to "ensure that appropriate decisions are made," he said. That qualification means that many small drones — a future use of remotely piloted aircraft — may pose legal problems because they may be too large to be properly monitored.
"A total ban on arms systems independence is premature and unreasonable, difficult to enforce and probably easy to circumvent," Boothby said. "The current laws should apply to this as any other technology in warfare."
Boothby's book also considers the effects of military advances in the use of nanotechnology, lasers, expanding ammunition, "human enhancement technology" and external weapons.
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"Access to many important jobs is very important in the modern world," he said. "In the military, these include [strategies for] aggressive operations, long-term strategic planning and management of ground operations, intelligence and communications. Therefore, it seems that space will be a hotbed of conflict in the future."
There is virtually no legal treaty governing outer space disputes, other than the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, which states that all uses of outer space must be "in accordance with international law," he said. any war must happen as it is on earth.
"External conflicts are likely to involve direct attacks on space assets such as satellites using kinetic or cyber weapons, electronic attacks in the form of maneuvers or interceptions, blinding lasers and electromagnetic pulse attacks, " explained Boothby.
The weapons designed to create a cloud of debris that continues to surround the planet can be considered illegal because of their insignificance.
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This article was amended on 15 March 2016, as an earlier version stated that B2 stealth bombers entered service with the US Air Force in the late 1980s. This has been corrected to say that the first aircraft to enter service with the US Air Force in it. in 1980. B2 stealth bombers entered service in 1990. Researchers are working on a new Harry Potter-style stealth suit design that will hide things, making them difficult to detect enemy.
A student said that he and his friends have shown a great deal of trouble in the pursuit of invisibility, and that there is the attention of the military.
Those electromagnetic waves and how they bounce off an object are important to being able to see them. Radar cannot detect an aircraft without radio waves bouncing back in response, and vision requires light to bounce off an object and pass to the eye. Using needles can prevent detection, and under certain conditions, Kante said he can do that.
Kante said, he was in contact with the Ministry of Defense project manager and expected to submit a request this month.
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In 2006, researchers showed that electromagnetic waves can be deflected or directed around an object through a layer and become "invisible"; there was only a microwave and two large ones. The progress since then has helped him lead Kante and his team (Li Yi Hsu
) in a new material that has a Teflon substrate layer with small cement blocks embedded in it.
Kante mentioned two important things: the thinnest material and the use of concrete instead of metal in Teflon.
Previous patching efforts required materials up to 10 times thicker than the wavelengths avoided. Gun models with a marine radar wavelength of about 3 centimeters; which requires about a foot of clearance. Kante says his equipment can work at 1/10th of a wavelength. Concealing a uniform wave of 3 cm requires only an area of about 3 mm. Different thicknesses (thin materials) can be used for electromagnetic waves as small as visible light (which ranges from 400 to 700 nanometers.)
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If it's not obvious: hide it. There is a long and obvious impact of the military in bringing something close to a goal. Self-driving cars and other planes, ships and anything else that wants to avoid radar can be useful. And it can also be used as a highlight for any background color.
A Department of Defense contract based on matching for the Pentagon and academia/business. Kayla Matola
, a research analyst for HDIAC, told Army Times that UCSD's design is lighter and cheaper than anything else out there and "the topics the Army is looking for" in terms of affordability.
Yes. First, even in theory, true invisibility remains a dream; the covers are just ahead of the ones behind. But there are also limitations in visual modeling and the use of radar masking.
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Angle restrictions top the list. The model tested the garment with light hitting it at a 45-degree angle, and was only effective within 6-degrees. many angles. Kante said his team is working on ways to expand. His research states that the math behind the efficiency of this model shows how "wide" the corners should be.
Kante also said that the technology does not allow for a cloak that can hide something from sight and radar; it will only work as a coat
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